The Caucasus Mountains, formerly known as the Taihe Mountains, span east-west between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and serve as the national boundary between Georgia and Azerbaijan.

Mount Elbrus, towering at 5,642 meters above sea level, not only claims the title of the highest peak in the Caucasus Mountains but also holds the distinction of being the highest peak in all of Europe.

The Greater Caucasus Mountains lie in close proximity to the convergence boundary of the Asian-European and Indian Ocean plates and have been heavily influenced by the Alpine orogeny. Geologically, they belong to the Cenozoic Alpine Fold Belt, representing a relatively young mountain range.

The intense orogenic forces at play in the region led to the continuous uplift of the Caucasus, culminating in the formation of the Great Caucasus Mountains. With an average altitude ranging from 3,000 to 4,000 meters, these mountains fall into the category of "high mountains," boasting numerous peaks surpassing 5,000 meters.

The apex of this majestic range is none other than Mount Elbrus, standing tall at 5,633 meters. Surpassing the height of Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps (4,810 meters above sea level), Elbrus proudly reigns as the loftiest summit in Europe.

The Great Caucasus, characterized by its youthful age and towering stature, presents a formidable barrier between Western Asia and Eastern Europe, functioning as a natural boundary and a watershed between the two regions.

The mountains exhibit steep and rugged terrain, enhanced by the region's active glacial activity. Glaciers cascade down the slopes for thousands of meters, appearing as white ribbons from a distance.

The erosion caused by these glaciers has given rise to distinct glacial landforms, including horn peaks crowning the summits, vast ice buckets clinging to the mountainsides, sharp and precipitous mountain ridges, and wide U-shaped valleys.

Encompassing approximately 440,000 square kilometers, the Caucasus region occupies the space between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

This mountainous domain, characterized by its overlapping and sprawling ranges, boasts enchanting turquoise lakes and cascading waterfalls nestled amidst its peaks.

Given its central location within the Eurasian continent, the Transcaucasus region holds immense geostrategic value. With the significant discovery of oil and gas resources in the Caspian Sea, the area surrounding the sea is poised to become the second Persian Gulf.

As a result, the Transcaucasus region, which serves as the gateway for exporting these valuable resources, has witnessed a surge in its geostrategic importance.

The climate of the Caucasus Mountains exhibits vertical and horizontal variations. Temperature generally decreases with increasing altitude, and there is also variation based on latitude and location.

For instance, Sukhumi in the Republic of Abkhazia, situated at sea level, experiences an average annual temperature of 15 degrees Celsius. In contrast, on the slopes of the Kazbek Mountains, located at an altitude of 3,700 meters, the average annual temperature drops to -6.1 degrees Celsius.

The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are typically three degrees Celsius colder than the southern slopes.

The highlands of the Lesser Caucasus, located in southern Georgia, Armenia, and western Azerbaijan, are subject to significant temperature differences between summer and winter due to their proximity to a continental climate.